Bike Racing Neutralization and the Social Construction of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use
Drawing from participant observation and interviews, I examine the attitudes and beliefs of elite and former professional cyclists and team personnel regarding performance-enhancing drug (PED) use and the neutralization techniques they employed to excuse and justify PED consumption. Participants most…
Playing on the Break: Karl Polanyi and the Double-Movement Against Modern Football
While the popularity of English football increases worldwide, there has been a marked rise in the discontent expressed by a small but growing group of domestic fans. This dissent has led to the emergence of a movement broadly defined as…
Play and Shut Up: The Silencing of Palestinian Athletes in Israeli Media
In this paper we contrast two opposing theoretical views in the sociology of sport. The first sees sport as a field that brings together different groups and bridges social divides. In this view, minority sport stars serve both as role…
A Brief Theology of Sport
Sport is extremely popular. This groundbreaking book explains why. It shows that sport has everything to do with our deepest identity. It is where we resonate with the most-basic nature of reality. A Brief Theology of Sport sweeps across the…
21st Century Jocks: Sporting Men and Contemporary Heterosexuality
From macho huddles to gentle cuddles, the ways in which sportsmen relate as friends has radically changed. With homophobia stigmatized and gay teammates revered, today’s jocks no longer fear being thought gay for behaviors that constrained men of the previous…
Bigotry, Football and Scotland
In this collection, contributors from a range of disciplinary positions present the latest empirical research evidence and social theory to examine and debate fundamental issues about bigotry in Scottish football and society.
Beyond Black: Celebrity and Race in Obama’s America
Beyond Black is Ellis Cashmore’s compelling appraisal of the impact of black celebrities on the cultural landscape of contemporary America. In recent years a new variety of African American celebrity has emerged: acquisitive, ambitious, flamboyantly successful and individualistic – more…
Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women’s Soccer
Though it burst into public consciousness only with the 1999 World Cup, women’s soccer has been around almost as long as its male counterpart, flourishing in England during and after World War I. From the rise of women’s soccer following…
Religion and Sports: An Introduction and Case Studies
Like religion, playing and watching sports is a deeply meaningful, celebratory ritual enjoyed by millions across the world. The first scholarly work designed for use in both religion and sports courses, this collection develops and then applies a theoretically grounded…
Big-Time Sports in American Universities
For almost a century, big-time college sport has been a wildly popular but consistently problematic part of American higher education. The challenges it poses to traditional academic values have been recognized from the start, but they have grown more ominous…
Youth Sport and Spirituality: Catholic Perspectives
Unsportsmanlike behavior by student athletes or parents at youth sporting events happens with regularity these days. Much recent research reveals that young people are dropping out of sport at alarming rates due to the often toxic elements in the culture…
Williams’ Nutrition for Health, Fitness, and Sport (12th Edition)
Nutrition for Health, Fitness and Sport uses a question-answer approach, which is convenient when you may have occasional short periods to study, such as riding a bus or during a lunch break. In addition, the questions are arranged in a…
Wheels of Change: How Women Rode the Bicycle to Freedom (With a Few Flat Tires Along the Way)
Explore the role the bicycle played in the women’s liberation movement.
Vital Connections: Harnessing the Power of Relationship to Impact the Lives of Young People
Young people the world over face challenges that prevent them from reaching their fullest potential. Lou Bergholz has spent decades working for children and adolescents from Boston to Zimbabwe, and he found that the caring adult relationship holds the key…
Understanding Sports Coaching: The Pedagogical, Social and Cultural Foundations of Coaching Practice
Every successful sports coach knows that good teaching and social practices are just as important as expertise in sport skills and tactics. Now in a fully revised and updated third edition, Understanding Sports Coaching is still the only introduction to…
Transformed Bodies and Gender: Experiences of Women Pro Wrestlers in Japan
Women’s pro wrestling in Japan has been controlled by an organization of which the members have only been women. Their bodies are unique, transformed into a deviation from the ideal female body image in Japan to enable them to engage…
The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer
James M. Dorsey introduces the reader to the world of Middle Eastern and North African football–an arena where struggles for political control, protest and resistance, self-respect and gender rights are played out. Politics was the midwife of soccer in the…
The System: The Glory and Scandal of Big-time College Football
COLLEGE FOOTBALL has never been more popular—or more chaotic. Millions fill 100,000-seat stadiums every Saturday; tens of millions more watch on television every weekend. The 2013 Discover BCS National Championship game between Notre Dame and Alabama had a viewership of…
The Surprisingly Short History of Hetrosexuality.
Like the typewriter and the light bulb, the heterosexual was invented in the 1860s and swiftly transformed Western culture. The idea of “the heterosexual” was unprecedented. After all, men and women had been having sex, marrying, building families, and sometimes…
The Smartest Kids In The World and How They Got That Way
A New York Times bestseller, The Smartest Kids was published in 15 countries and chosen by The Economist, The New York Times, The Washington Post and Amazon as one of the most notable books of the year. In a handful…
The Olympic Games and Cultural Policy
This book explores how cultural policies are reflected in the design, management and promotion of the Olympic Games. Garcia examines the concept and evolution of cultural policies throughout the recent history of the Olympic Games and then specifically evaluates the…
The New Plantation: Black Athletes, College Sports and Predominantly White NCAA Institutions
The New Plantation examines the controversial relationship between predominantly White NCAA Division I Institutions (PWI s) and black athletes, utilizing an internal colonial model. It provides a much-needed in-depth analysis to fully comprehend the magnitude of the forces at work…
The Ethics of Coaching Sports: Moral, Social and Legal Issues
The Ethics of Coaching Sports features invited contributions written by prominent scholars examining a broad range of normative or evaluative issues that arise from the role of the coach in competitive sports. The collection is accessible and comprehensive, including discussion…
The Athletic Revolution
Protests current trends in athletics, particularly at the university level, and suggests ways of humanizing sports events
Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Through Physical Activity (3rd Edition)
Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Through Physical Activity, now entering its third edition, attests to author Don Hellison’s ability to shape and develop character and responsibility in children. Perhaps the success of Hellison’s book can be attributed to his status…
Sports Nutrition: A Handbook for Professionals (6th Edition)
The sixth edition of Sports Nutrition, a long-standing, renowned reference, offers timely research and evidence-based advice for health professionals working with athletes at all levels. Written and reviewed by esteemed sports registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) and other exercise experts, this…
Sports In Society: Issues and Controversies (13th Edition)
For over 30 years, Sports in Society has been a resource in the cultural, interactional, and structural dimensions of sports. The Thirteenth Edition provides a thorough introduction to the sociology of sport by raising critical questions to explore the relationships…
Sports Coaching Research: Context, Consequences, and Consciousness
This book raises critical questions about the explanatory framework guiding sports coaching research and presents a new conceptualization for research in the field. Through mapping and contextualizing sports coaching research within a corporatized higher education, the dominant or legitimate forms…
Sports and Identity: New Agendas in Communication
This volume of essays examines the ways in which sports have become a means for the communication of social identity in the United States. The essays included here explore the question, How is identity engaged in the performance and spectatorship…
Sportista: Female Fandom in the United States
The typical female sports fan remains very different from her male counterparts. In their insightful and engaging book,Sportista, Andrei S. Markovits and Emily Albertson examine the significant ways many women have become fully conversant with sports-acquiring a knowledge of and…
Sport Psychology for Coaches
We marvel at the steely nerves, acute concentration, and flawless execution exhibited on the 18th green, at the free-throw line, in the starting blocks, and on the balance beam. While state-of-the-art training regimens have extended athletes’ physical boundaries, more and…
Sport Psychology Concepts and Applications
Sport Psychology: Concepts and Applications shows how concepts supported by current scientific research can be used to address issues and situations encountered everyday by physical activity specialists, coaches, athletic trainers, and athletes.
Sport Mechanics for Coaches (4th Edition)
Applied Sport Mechanics, Fourth Edition With Web Study Guide, helps undergraduate students understand how the fundamental laws of human movement affect athletes’ performances. Foundational principles of kinetics, kinematics, and sports technique are clearly presented and then explored through a variety…
Sport History in the Digital Era
The Internet has transformed industries across the globe and while segments of the research sector have embraced it quickly, sport historians have stepped into the digital era at a more considered pace. The editors Gary Osmond and Murray G. Phillips…
Sport for Development: What Game Are We Playing?
Sport is increasingly regarded as a powerful tool in international development. In this comprehensive introduction to the area of ‘sport-for-development’, leading researcher Fred Coalter critically evaluates the strengths and weaknesses and successes and failures of sport-for-development policies and programs. Beginning…
Sport and the English
A thorough, innovative yet entertaining and readable analysis of sport as an expression of the values and social relations of a nation. Covering the years between the two World Wars, the central place of sport in English life is brought…
Sport and Migration: Borders, Boundaries and Crossings
From Major League Baseball to English soccer’s Premier League, all successful contemporary professional sports leagues include a wide diversity of nationalities and ethnicities within their playing and coaching rosters. The international migration of sporting talent and labor, encouraged and facilitated…
Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport
The Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport is a comprehensive survey of the latest research into young people’s involvement in sport. Drawing on a wide diversity of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, policy studies, coaching, physical education and physiology, the book examines…
Rethinking Children’s Play
Rethinking Children’s Play examines attitudes towards, and experiences of, children’s play. Fraser Brown and Michael Patte draw on a wide range of thought, research and practice from different fields and countries to debate, challenge and re-appraise long held beliefs, attitudes…
Reading Statistics and Research (6th Edition)
Employing a non-intimidating writing style that emphasizes concepts rather than formulas, this uniquely welcoming text shows consumers of research how to read, understand, and critically evaluate the statistical information and research results contained in technical research reports. Some key topics…
Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
Plenty of experts argue that anyone who wants to develop a skill, play an instrument, or lead their field should start early, focus intensely, and rack up as many hours of deliberate practice as possible. If you dabble or delay,…
Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century
Michael Omi and Howard Winant’s Racial Formation in the United States remains one of the most influential books and widely read books about race. Racial Formation in the 21st Century, arriving twenty-five years after the publication of Omi and Winant’s…
Race, Racism and Sports Journalism
Beginning with a theoretical discussion of race, sport and media, this book critically examines issues of race, racism and sports journalism and offers practical advice on sports reporting, including a discussion of guidelines for ethical journalism. In a series of…
Qualitative Diagnosis of Human Movement (3rd Edition)
Qualitative Diagnosis of Human Movement, Third Edition With Web Resource, focuses on the processes behind movement observation, assessment, and diagnosis, emphasizing how to recognize and correct errors in human movement. This unique text teaches anyone working in human movement–related professions…
Publication Manual of The American Psychological Association (7th Edition)
The new 2020 copyright release of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition Includes three different formats — spiral and tabbed, paperback, and hardcover, all of which are full-color. It is the official source for APA Style.…
Principles of Sport Administration
Athletic program administrators have a tremendous influence on the success of their organisations. They must construct viable program plans; oversee budgeting, marketing, and fund-raising efforts; and effectively manage employees. These concepts and many more are covered in this book ,…
Powerlifting: The Complete Guide to Technique, Training, and Competition
The mental and physical demands of powerlifting are unlike any other sport. Athletes must be committed and focused on success. In Powerlifting, Second Edition,powerlifting hall of famer Dan Austin, winner of 10 world powerlifting championships and 18 national championships, teams…
Positive Youth Development Through Sport (2nd edition)
Cutting through the political rhetoric about the power of sport as a tool for social change and personal improvement, this book offers insight into how and why participating in sport can be good for children and young people. As the…
Playing for God: Evangelical Women and the Unintended Consequences of Sports Ministry.
When sports ministry first emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, its founders imagined male celebrity athletes as powerful salespeople who could deliver a message of Christian strength: “If athletes can endorse shaving cream, razor blades, and cigarettes, surely they can…
Play and the Human Condition
In Play and the Human Condition, Thomas Henricks brings together ways of considering play to probe its essential relationship to work, ritual, and communitas. Focusing on five contexts for play–the psyche, the body, the environment, society, and culture–Henricks identifies conditions…
Physiological Aspects of Sport Training and Performance, (2nd Edition)
Physiological Aspects of Sport Training and Performance, Second Edition With Web Resource, updates and expands on the popular first edition, providing an in-depth discussion of physiological adaptation to exercise. Students will learn the importance of an evidence-based approach in prescribing…
Out of Bounds: When Scholarship Athletes Become Academic Scholars
Out of Bounds explores the trajectories and challenges of exceptional men and women athletes who later became outstanding academic scholars. The book reports findings from participatory, qualitative research, and problematizes ways we have come to think about the separation and…
Olympic Weightlifting: A Complete Guide for Athletes and Coaches
Olympic Weightlifting is a comprehensive guide to learning and instructing the Olympic and related lifts. Includes sections on teaching progressions, lift analyses, error correction, programming, competition, supplemental exercises, warm-up protocols, nutrition, and sample training programs. “Simply the best book available…
NSCAs Essentials of Tactical Strength and Conditioning
The physical demands of tactical professions such as military, law enforcement, and fire and rescue require those workers to be in top physical condition to perform their jobs well and decrease the risk of injury. NSCA’s Essentials of Tactical Strength…
Muslim Women and Sport
Examining the global experiences, challenges and achievements of Muslim women participating in physical activities and sport, this important new study makes a profound contribution to our understanding of both contemporary Islam and the complexity and diversity of women’s lives in…
Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Application (6th Edition)
Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Application, Sixth Edition With Web Study Guide, enables students to appreciate high-level skilled activity and understand how such incredible performances occur. Written in a style that is accessible even to students with little…
Motor Learning and Control: Concepts and Applications
Motor Learning and Control: Concepts and Applications, 12e, is an introduction to the study of motor learning and control for students who aspire to become practitioners in exercise science, physical education, and other movement-oriented professions. Each chapter presents motor learning…
Midnight Basketball: Race, Sports, and Neoliberal Social Policy
Midnight basketball may not have been invented in Chicago, but the City of Big Shoulders—home of Michael Jordan and the Bulls—is where it first came to national prominence. And it’s also where Douglas Hartmann first began to think seriously about…
Manual of Structural Kinesiology (19th Edition)
Manual of Structural Kinesiology, 21st edition, provides a straightforward view of human anatomy and its relation to movement. While the manual is designed for use in undergraduate structural kinesiology courses, other clinicians and educators will also benefit from the text.…
Long-Term Athlete Development
Describes how to systematically develop sporting excellence and increase active participation in local, regional and national sport organisations. This title describes the long-term athlete development model, an approach to athlete-centered sport that combines skill instruction with long-term planning and an…
Learning in Sports Coaching: Theory and Application
The facilitation of learning is a central feature of coaches’ and coach educators’ work. Coaching students and practitioners are, as a result, being expected to give increasing levels of thought towards how they might help to develop the knowledge and…
Kicking Center
Girls and young women participate in soccer at record levels and the Women’s National Team regularly draws media, corporate, and popular attention. Yet despite increased representation and visibility, gender disparities in opportunity, compensation, training resources, and media airtime persist in…
Introduction to Kinesiology: Studying Physical Activity
Introduction to Kinesiology: Studying Physical Activity, Sixth Edition With HKPropel Access, offers students a comprehensive overview of the field of kinesiology and explores the subdisciplinary fields of study, common career paths, and emerging ideas that are part of this dynamic…
International Sports Press Survey
The International Sports Press Survey 2011 is a comparative study on the quality of sports reporting in print media. The editors, Thomas Horky and Jörg-Uwe Nieland, present an analysis of data from 22 countries and add more specific research in…
Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap…and Others Don’t
Over five years, the team analyzed the histories of all twenty-eight companies in the study. After sifting through mountains of data and thousands of pages of interviews, Collins and his crew discovered the key determinants of greatness — why some…
God, Nimrod, and the World: Exploring Christian Perspectives on Sport Hunting
GOD, NIMROD, AND THE WORLD presents the perspectives of more than two-dozen authors on the controversial sport of hunting, surveying the relationship between the blood sport and the salvation religion of Christianity. The first half of the book provides sketches…
Generations: The Real Differences Between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents―and What They Mean for America’s Future
A groundbreaking, revelatory portrait of the six generations that currently live in the United States and how they connect, conflict, and compete with one another—from the acclaimed author of Generation Me and iGen. The United States is currently home to…
Generation Z Unfiltered: Facing Nine Hidden Challenges of the Most Anxious Population
This generation of students who have grown up in the 21st century are the most social, the most empowered, and also the most anxious youth population in human history. If you are struggling to connect with and lead them, you…
Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology
The leading textbook in sport and exercise psychology is back in a revised seventh edition, and it again raises the bar with its engaging introduction to the field. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Seventh Edition With Web Study Guide,…
Foundations of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport
Foundations of Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport provides readers with the most up-to-date information about physical activity, physical education, and sport, while recognizing that this dynamic field and its disciplines are ever changing in our fast-paced, technology-driven society. It…
Foundations of Kinesiology
Each new print copy includes Navigate Advantage Access that unlocks a comprehensive and interactive eBook, student practice activities and assessments, a full suite of instructor resources, and learning analytics reporting tools. Foundations of Kinesiology, Second Edition provides a guided introduction…
Foucault, Sport, and Exercise: Power, Knowledge, and Transforming the Self
Michel Foucault’s work profoundly influences the way we think about society, in particular how we understand social power, the self, and the body. This book gives an innovative and entirely new analysis of is later works making it a one-stop…
Football Comes Home: Symbolic Identities in European Football
Football Comes Home unearths the cultural, political, and social properties of European football clubs and associations. Christos Kassimeris examines the background of five hundred football clubs and associations from around Europe, providing all the relevant historical information that concerns their…
Fighting: Intellectualizing Combat Sports
This book is the first of its kind that relates specifically to the practical and theoretical aspects of martial arts in contemporary society. Within its covers are a collection of thirty-five cutting-edge chapters by leading practitioners and academics who raise…
Exclusionary Power in Sports Organisations: The Merger Between the Women’s Cricket Association and the England and Wales Cricket
Exercise Psychology, Second Edition, addresses the psychological and biological consequences of exercise and physical activity and their subsequent effects on mood and mental health. Like the first edition, the text includes the latest scholarship by leading experts in the field…
Essentials of Strength and Conditioning
Developed by the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) and now in its fourth edition, Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning is the essential text for strength and conditioning professionals and students. This comprehensive resource, created by 30 expert contributors…
Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping, 1960-2008
On August 26, 1960, twenty-three-year-old Danish cyclist Knud Jensen, competing in that year’s Rome Olympic Games, suddenly fell from his bike and fractured his skull. His death hours later led to rumors that performance-enhancing drugs were in his system. Though…
Diversity in Sport Organizations
Diversity in Sport Organizations provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which people differ – including race, sex, age, mental and physical ability, appearance, religion, sexual orientation, and social class – and how these differences can influence…
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
In this indispensable work, a brilliant thinker suggests that such vaunted reforms as the abolition of torture and the emergence of the modern penitentiary have merely shifted the focus of punishment from the prisoner’s body to his soul.
Disability Sport: A Vehicle for Social Change?
This book contains a selection of papers presented at the “Disability sport: a vehicle for social change?” conference hosted by the Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies (CPRS) at Coventry University from 23rd – 25th August 2012. The brainchild of…
Celebration Capitalism and the Olympic Games
The Olympic Games have become the world’s greatest media and marketing event–a global celebration of exceptional athletics gilded with corporate cash. Huge corporations vie for association with the “Olympic Image” in the hope of gaining a worldwide marketing audience of…
Brainstorm: The Flaws In The Science of Sex Differences
Female and male brains are different, thanks to hormones coursing through the brain before birth. That’s taught as fact in psychology textbooks, academic journals, and bestselling books. And these hardwired differences explain everything from sexual orientation to gender identity, to…
Boy on Ice: The Life and Death of Derek Boogaard
The tragic death of hockey star Derek Boogaard at twenty-eight was front-page news across the country in 2011 and helped shatter the silence about violence and concussions in professional sports. Now, in a gripping work of narrative nonfiction, acclaimed reporter…
Author Says Bias is Inevitable, But It Can be Faced, Uprooted.
Tuesday, Starbucks will close more than 8,000 stores in the USA to conduct employee training “to address implicit bias” and “prevent discrimination” after two black men were arrested at a Philadelphia store in April.
Youth Sports Study: Declining Participation, Rising Costs and Unqualified Coaches
Between skyrocketing costs, sport specialization and coaches needing training, youth sports is in the midst of a crisis, according to new data published Wednesday by the Sports & Fitness Industry Association and the Aspen Institute.Athletic participation for kids ages 6…
Youth Sports Still Struggling with Dropping Participation, High Costs and Bad Coaches, Study Finds
More American children ages 6 to 12 were physically active in 2017, but not to a healthy level, according to data published Tuesday by the Sports & Fitness Industry Association and the Aspen Institute. Youth sports advocates have for years…
Youth Leagues the New Target of High School Football Programs
Youth football leagues are Colorado’s modern gold mines, where young, impressionable players are discovered. Both public and private schools have long scouted these leagues, but it’s the draw of the private schools that has changed the recruiting game in metro…
Women’s Basketball Needs to Work to Earn an Audience
If your TV clicker skipped right past a WNBA game, one reason may have been that you mistook it for rugby — unless you figured it for dodgeball. Fact: Women’s basketball is a beautiful game surrounded by ugly atrocities, from…
Women in Intercollegiate Sport: A Longitudinal, National Study Thirty-Five Year Update
Overview on findings from women in intercollegiate sport. Findings include participation opportunities for female athletes, status of women head coaches, status of women as assistant coaches, status of women as sports information directors, status of women as athletic trainers, and…
With the Words ‘I’m Gay,’ an N.B.A. Center Breaks a Barrier
In 12 seasons as an N.B.A. player, Jason Collins has never been an All-Star or a scoring leader or even a full-time starter, but on Monday he shattered one of the last great barriers in professional sports. ”I’m a 34-year-old…
Winner’s Curse? The Economics of Hosting the Olympic Games
Organizers of the London Olympics are feeling the heat for the sudden cost overruns on their already inflated $14.7 billion official budget, particularly now that government figures show Britain is still mired in recession despite all the recent Olympic spending.But…
Why We Ignore Women’s Sports
Women’s cycling is neglected throughout the year. But every Olympic season, our interest in most women’s sports peaks—only to quickly wane. With Americans set to compete for gold in London and new races on the horizon, is it finally women’s…
Why Genes Aren’t Destiny
Norrbotten is so isolated that in the 19th century, if the harvest was bad, people starved. The starving years were all the crueler for their unpredictability. For instance, 1800, 1812, 1821, 1836 and 1856 were years of total crop failure…
Why Gender Equality Stalled
This week is the 50th anniversary of the publication of Betty Friedan’s international best seller, “The Feminine Mystique,” which has been widely credited with igniting the women’s movement of the 1960s. Readers who return to this feminist classic today are…
Why Every U.S. Athlete Came Home a Winner
American athletes were very successful at the London 2012 Olympic Games, bringing home 46 Gold Medals. But what most viewers did not realize was that every single one of the 529 athletes representing Team USA brought home gold – along…
Why Do Kids Play Video Games?
Earlier this week I received a call from a writer for CBC who wanted to get insight from my interaction with coaches across Canada regarding the impact of Fortnite and other video games on the grassroots level of youth sports.…
Where Will It End: Enhancement-lympics?
The Paralympics seems to define itself as representing the below species-typical, impaired people and the Olympics are the species-typical although on the upper end of the bell curve (see my blog To define oneself as less able). In this the…
Where College Football is a Religion, and Religion Shapes College Football
Hugh Freeze takes his seat near the back of the Mississippi football meeting room, and from here, with his three daughters sitting to his left, the Rebels coach can see everything.
What Would the End of Football Look Like? An Economic Perspective on CTE and the Concussion Crisis
The NFL is done for the year, but it is not pure fantasy to suggest that it may be done for good in the not-too-distant future. How might such a doomsday scenario play out and what would be the economic…
What It Means to Be ‘Black in Latin America’
Between 1502 and 1866, 11.2 million Africans disembarked from slave ships in the New World during the Middle Passage. Of those 11.2 million people, only 450,000 came to the United States. The rest of the African slaves who survived the…