The Whole-National system refers to a system where the national government controls and organizes everything to benefit the country (Bao, 2001; Gangyan, 2019). An example of this can be seen In China, where the government pays for everything related to sports, and in return, the athletes have to follow the government’s rules and put the country’s interests first (Ge et al., 2016; Wang, 2013). Systems like these can be very strict (Si, Duan, Li, & Jiang, 2011), more recently the government’s control on sports is reducing (Tan & Houlihan, 2013).
References
Bao, M. X. (2001). Thought on theories of establishing and perfecting the new national system. Journal of Tianjin Institute of Physical Education, 16(4), 4851.
Gangyan, G. (2019) In D. Hackfort, R. J. Schinke, & B. Strauss (Eds.), Dictionary of sport psychology: Sport, exercise, and performing arts (p. 1). Academic Press.
Ge, Y., Schinke, R., Dong, D., Lu, C., Si, G., & Oghene, P. O. (2016). Working with Chinese Olympic athletes in their national sport system: From the conceptual to a proposed research practice integration. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1164227.
Si, G., Duan, Y., Li, H. Y., & Jiang, X. (2011). An exploration on sociocultural meridians of Chinese athletes’ psychological training. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 325338.
Tan, T., & Houlihan, B. (2013). Chinese Olympic sport policy: Managing the impact of globalisation. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48, 131152.
Wang, Q. J. (2013). From “the Whole-Nation system” to “Chinese model”: Theoretical demand space of Chinese sports system a summary of the forum “sports system transition and Chinese sports in the future”. Journal of Sports and Science, 34, 17. (in Chinese).
