Hypnosis is a technique that can help people change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It has often been misunderstood because of how it’s shown in entertainment shows (Heap, 2000). In reality, hypnosis can be a helpful tool in various fields like medicine, dentistry, and psychology that can be used to manage pain, deal with addiction, and address other physical and psychological issues (Barker et al., 2013).
During hypnosis, a person is guided into a deep state of relaxation and intense focus. While in this state, they become more receptive to suggestions that can positively influence their thoughts and actions (Hawkins, 2006).
Hypnosis usually follows four phases: preparation, induction and deepening, therapy or change, and finally, bringing the person back to alertness (Heap & Aravind, 2002). There are two main theories about how hypnosis works: state and nonstate perspectives. State perspectives focus on the altered consciousness during hypnosis (Hilgard, 1994; Kirsch & Lynn, 1995), while nonstate perspectives emphasize the positive attitudes and expectations of both the hypnotist and the person being hypnotized (Spanos, 1991; Wagstaff, 1981).
In sports and exercise, hypnosis has shown to be beneficial in improving performance, mental imagery, reducing anxiety, and boosting self-confidence (Barker et al., 2013). Athletes and coaches can use hypnosis to relax, concentrate better, and visualize success before important competitions, which can help them perform at their best.
Barker, J. B., Jones, M. V., & Greenlees, I. (2013). Using hypnosis to enhance self-efficacy in sport performers: Theory, research, and future directions. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7, 228 247.
Hawkins, P. J. (2006). Hypnosis and stress. London: John Wiley & Sons.
Heap, M. (2000). The alleged dangers of stage hypnosis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 17, 117 126.
Heap, M., & Aravind, K. A. K. (2002). Hartland’s medical and dental hypnosis (4th ed.). London, UK: Churchill Livingstone.
Hilgard, E. R. (1994). Neodissociation theory. In S. J. Lynn, & J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Dissociation: Clinical, theoretical and research perspectives (pp. 32 51). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kirsch, I., & Lynn, S. J. (1995). The altered state of hypnosis. The American Psychologist, 50, 846 858.
Spanos, N. P. (1991). A socio-cognitive approach to hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn, & J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives (pp. 324 361). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
Wagstaff, G. F. (1981). Hypnosis, compliance, and beliefs. Brighton: Harvester Press.
